Price: 1.50 euro
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This pin is probably from the Soviet Union with an unknown person. Could have to do something with space. If you know where this pin is from and who the perosn is you get the pin for free!
Pins
Price: 3.00 euro
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Pin about the Luna 16 1970 moon mission.
In 1970 Luna 16 was the first robotic probe to land on the Moon and return a sample of lunar soil to Earth. It represented the first lunar sample return mission by the Soviet Union and was the third lunar sample return mission overall, following the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions.
Analysis of the dark basalt material indicated a close resemblance to soil recovered by the American Apollo 12 mission.
According to the Bochum Observatory in Germany, strong and good quality television pictures were returned by the spacecraft. Luna 16 was a landmark success for the Soviets in their deep space exploration program; the mission accomplished the first fully automatic recovery of soil samples from the surface of an extraterrestrial body.
Three tiny samples (0.2 grams) of the Luna 16 soil were sold at Sotheby’s auction for $442,500 in 1993.
On November 29, 2018 The Luna 16 fragments sold for US$ 855,000 at Sotheby’s.
Price: 3.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union about Sputnik 2. Sputnik 2 (Satellite 2) was the second spacecraft launched into Earth orbit, on 3 November 1957, and the first to carry a living animal, a Soviet space dog named Laika. Laika was a Soviet space dog who became the first animal in space, and the first animal to orbit the Earth. Laika, a stray mongrel from the streets of Moscow, was selected to be the occupant of the Soviet spacecraft Sputnik 2 that was launched into outer space in 1957. Soviet scientists chose to use Moscow straydogs since they assumed that such animals had already learned to endure conditions of extreme cold and hunger.
Little was known about the impact of spaceflight on living creatures at the time of Laika’s mission. Some scientists believed humans would be unable to survive the launch or the conditions of outer space, so engineers viewed flights by animals as a necessary precursor to human missions. The experiment aimed to prove that a living passenger could survive being launched into orbit paving the way for human spaceflight and providing scientists with some of the first data on how living organisms react to spaceflight environments.
Price: 4.00 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union about the Buran spacecraft also known as the Soviet spaceshuttle. Buran (meaning “Snowstorm” or “Blizzard”) was the first spaceplane to be produced as part of the Soviet/Russian Buran programme.
Besides describing the first operational Soviet/Russian shuttle orbiter, “Buran” was also the designation for the entire Soviet/Russian spaceplane project and its orbiters, which were known as “Buran-class orbiters”. Buran completed one uncrewed spaceflight in 1988, and was destroyed in the 2002 collapse of its storage hangar. The Buran-class orbiters used the expendable Energia rocket, a class of super heavy-lift launch vehicle.
Price: 3.00 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union about Luna 20. Luna 20 was the second of three successful Soviet lunar sample return missions. It was flown as part of the Luna program as a robotic competitor to the six successful Apollo lunar sample return missions. Luna 20 was placed in an intermediate Earth parking orbit and from this orbit was sent towards the Moon.
It entered lunar orbit on 18 February 1972. On 21 February 1972, Luna 20 soft landed on the Moon in a mountainous area known as the Terra Apollonius (or Apollonius highlands) near Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fertility), 120 km from where Luna 16 had landed. While on the lunar surface, the panoramic television system was operated. Lunar samples were obtained by means of an extendable drilling apparatus.
Price: 3.00 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union about the famous Soyuz-Apollo mission in 1975. Apollo-Soyuz was the first crewed international space mission, carried out jointly by the United States and the Soviet Union in July 1975. Millions of people around the world watched on television as a United States Apollo module docked with a Soviet Union Soyuz capsule.
The project, and its memorable handshake in space, was a symbol of détente between the two superpowers. It is generally considered to mark the end of the Space Race, which had begun in 1957 with the launch of Sputnik 1.
Price: 2.50 euro
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”25 Yeras Of Space Age”.
Price: 2.50 euro
Year: 1980
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin made in Hungary for the Interkosmos program with Hungary, 1980, with Soyuz 36. Soyuz 36 was a 1980 Soviet manned space flight to the Salyut 6 space station. It was the 11th mission to and ninth successful docking at the orbiting facility. The Soyuz 36 crew were the first to visit the long duration Soyuz 35 resident crew.
Soyuz 36 carried Valery Kubasov and Bertalan Farkas, the first Hungarian cosmonaut, into space. They swapped Soyuz craft with the long duration crew and returned to earth in Soyuz 35; a later crew used their craft to return to Earth.
The flight was the fifth Intercosmos flight whereby guest cosmonauts from Soviet allied nations would visit the space station, typically for about a week. The flight was only the second time a Soviet mission had a civilian commander.
Price: 3.50 euro
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union with the image of a cosmonaut.
Price: 2.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union, 1976, for the 25th, congress of the CPSU, the communist party of the Soviet Union. The 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union met in Moscow from February 24 to March 5, 1976. General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev greeted 4,998 Soviet delegates and representatives from 96 foreign countries. Among Communist-ruled nations, only the People’s Republic of China and Albania did not send representatives.
The congress itself produced few surprises, with the main emphasis placed on the stability of the political and economic situation and the prospects of continued success in the future. Brezhnev declared that the USSR would not invade or fight other countries, but also stated that he would support national liberation movements
Price: 3.00 euro
Year: 1980
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin made in Hungary for the Interkosmos program with Hungary, 1980, with Soyuz 36. Soyuz 36 was a 1980 Soviet manned space flight to the Salyut 6 space station. It was the 11th mission to and ninth successful docking at the orbiting facility. The Soyuz 36 crew were the first to visit the long duration Soyuz 35 resident crew.
Soyuz 36 carried Valery Kubasov and Bertalan Farkas, the first Hungarian cosmonaut, into space. They swapped Soyuz craft with the long duration crew and returned to earth in Soyuz 35; a later crew used their craft to return to Earth.
The flight was the fifth Intercosmos flight whereby guest cosmonauts from Soviet allied nations would visit the space station, typically for about a week. The flight was only the second time a Soviet mission had a civilian commander.
Price: 2.50 euro
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union about the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport in an area of southern Kazakhstan leased to Russia. The Cosmodrome is the world’s first spaceport for orbital and human launches and the largest (in area) operational space launch facility. All crewed Russian spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.
Price: 2.50 euro
Year: 1973
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Space pin made in the Soviet Union about the 500th. birthday of Copernicus made in 1973. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center. In all likelihood, Copernicus developed his model independently of Aristarchus of Samos, an ancient Greek astronomer who had formulated such a model some eighteen centuries earlier.
The publication of Copernicus’s model in his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), just before his death in 1543, was a major event in the history of science, triggering the Copernican Revolution and making a pioneering contribution to the Scientific Revolution.
Price: 3.00 euro
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union about Molniya-1. The Molniya (“Lightning”) series satellites were military and communications satellites launched by the Soviet Union from 1965 to 2004. These satellites used highly eccentric elliptical orbits known as Molniya orbits, which have a long dwell time over high latitudes. They are suited for communications purposes in polar regions. There were 164 Molniya satellites launched.
The Molniya programme was authorized on 30 October 1961. The first launch took place on 4 June 1964 and ended in failure. The next attempt was on 22 August 1964 and reached orbit successfully, but the parabolic communications antennas did not properly deploy. The first operational satellite, Molniya 1-1, was successfully launched on 23 April 1965. By 30 May 1966, the third Molniya 1 had taken the first images of the whole Earth in history.
Molniya-1
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union with a cosmonaut making a spacewalk.
Price: 3.00 euro
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union about Venera 9 and 10. Venera 9 was a Soviet uncrewed space mission to Venus. It consisted of an orbiter and a lander. It was launched on June 8, 1975, at 02:38:00 UTC and had a mass of 4,936 kilograms (10,882 lb). The orbiter was the first spacecraft to orbit Venus, while the lander was the first to return images from the surface of another planet.
Venera 10 was a Soviet uncrewed space mission to Venus. It consisted of an orbiter and a lander. It was launched on June 14, 1975 03:00:31 UTC and had a mass of 5033 kg (11096 lb). When the mission launched, the Soviet Union only disclosed that the mission’s objective was to explore Venus and the surrounding space. Western sources speculated that the spacecraft contained a lander.
The orbiter entered Venus orbit on October 23, 1975. Its mission was to serve as a communications relay for the lander and to explore cloud layers and atmospheric parameters with several instruments and experiments.
Price: 2.50 euro
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union about the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport in an area of southern Kazakhstan leased to Russia. The Cosmodrome is the world’s first spaceport for orbital and human launches and the largest (in area) operational space launch facility. All crewed Russian spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.
Price: 2.50 euro
Year: 1967
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Space pin made in the Soviet Union, 1967. Bahx is a permanent exhibition in Russia about the achievements of national economy established in 1935 and started as an agricultural exhibition.
Now the exhibition holds 2,375,000 square meters (bigger than Monaco) with subjects such as: engineering, space, atomic energy, education, radio electronics and culture and has around 11 million visitors each year. It contains more than 400 buildings.
Price: 2.50 euro
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union about Andriyan Nikolayev. Andriyan Grigoryevich Nikolayev (1929-2004) was a Soviet cosmonaut.
Nikolayev flew on two space flights: Vostok 3 in 1962, and Soyuz 9 in 1970. On both, he set new endurance records for the longest time a human being had remained in orbit. On 22 January 1969, Nikolayev survived an assassination attempt on Leonid Brezhnev, undertaken by a Soviet Army deserter, Viktor Ilyin.
He left the cosmonaut corps on 26 January 1982. Nikolayev was also the first person to make a television broadcast from space, in August 1962. He married Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman to fly in space (Vostok 6). They had one daughter, Elena Andriyanovna (now a doctor of medicine), before their marriage collapsed. In 2004, Nikolayev died of a heart attack in Cheboksary, the capital of Chuvashia in Russia.
Price: 2.50 euro
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union about Vostok rockets. Vostok (Russian: Восток) was a family of rockets derived from the Soviet R-7 Semyorka ICBM and was designed for the human spaceflight programme. This family of rockets launched the first artificial satellite (Sputnik 1) and the first crewed spacecraft (Vostok) in human history. It was a subset of the R-7 family of rockets.
Price: 3.00 euro
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union about Vostok 3. Vostok 3 and Vostok 4 were launched a day apart in 1962 on trajectories that brought the spacecraft within approximately 6.5 km (4.0 mi) of one another. The cosmonauts aboard the two capsules also communicated with each other via radio, the first ship-to-ship communications in space. These missions marked the first time that more than one crewed spacecraft was in orbit at the same time, giving Soviet mission controllers the opportunity to learn to manage this scenario.
During the first day in orbit of Vostok 3, the cosmonaut unstrapped himself from his seat and became the first spacefarer to float freely in conditions of microgravity in space.
The mission led Western observers to speculate that the Soviets must already have spacecraft capable of in-orbit maneuvering. Official press releases made no mention that the Vostok spacecraft lacked this ability or that the two Vostoks were able to attain such close approach due to their extremely precise launches.
Price: 3.00 euro
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union with the date of the first man in space Yuri Gagarin. Yuri Gagarin became the first human in outer space when his Vostok spacecraft completed one orbit of the Earth on 12 April 1961 in the Vostok 1 mission. Gagarin became an international celebrity and was awarded many medals and titles, including Hero of the Soviet Union, his nation’s highest honour. Gagarin died in 1968 when the training jet he was piloting crashed.
Price: 3.00 euro
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Glory To The Heroes Of Space”.
Price: 3.00 euro
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union about Vostok 2. Vostok 2 (Russian: Boctok 2) was a Soviet space mission which carried cosmonaut Gherman Titov into orbit for a full day on August 6, 1961 to study the effects of a more prolonged period of weightlessness on the human body. Titov orbited the Earth over 17 times, exceeding the single orbit of Yuri Gagarin on Vostok 1.
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union about Vostok 2. Vostok 2 (Russian: Boctok 2) was a Soviet space mission which carried cosmonaut Gherman Titov into orbit for a full day on August 6, 1961 to study the effects of a more prolonged period of weightlessness on the human body. Titov orbited the Earth over 17 times, exceeding the single orbit of Yuri Gagarin on Vostok 1.
Price: 3.00 euro
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union about the Vostok Programme. The Vostok programme was a Soviet human spaceflight project to put the first Soviet citizens into low Earth orbit and return them safely. Competing with the United States Project Mercury, it succeeded in placing the first human into space, Yuri Gagarin, in a single orbit in Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961. The Vostok capsule was developed from the Zenit spy satellite project, and its launch vehicle was adapted from the existing R-7 Semyorka intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) design. The name “Vostok” was treated as classified information until Gagarin’s flight was first publicly disclosed to the world press.
Price: 2.50 euro
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”I believe, friends, caravan missiles” and beneath that:”Voskhod 2″.
Voskhod 2 was a Soviet crewed space mission in March 1965. The Vostok-based Voskhod 3KD spacecraft with two crew members on board, Pavel Belyayev and Alexei Leonov, was equipped with an inflatable airlock. It established another milestone in space exploration when Alexei Leonov became the first person to leave the spacecraft in a specialized spacesuit to conduct a 12-minute spacewalk.
Price: 2.00 euro
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Yuri Gagarin” and the date when he went up to space. Yuri Gagarin became the first human in outer space when his Vostok spacecraft completed one orbit of the Earth on 12 April 1961 in the Vostok 1 mission. Gagarin became an international celebrity and was awarded many medals and titles, including Hero of the Soviet Union, his nation’s highest honour. Gagarin died in 1968 when the training jet he was piloting crashed.
Price: 3.00 euro
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”12-14 September 1959″
Luna 2 was the sixth of the Soviet Union’s Luna programme spacecraft launched to the Moon.
The spacecraft was launched on 12 September 1959 by the Luna 8K72. It followed a direct path to the Moon. On 13 September 1959, it impacted (crashed) on the Moon’s surface. It was the first spacecraft to reach the surface of the Moon, and the first human-made object to make contact with another celestial body.
Because of claims that information received from Luna 1 was fake, the Russian scientists sent a telex to astronomer Bernard Lovell at Jodrell Bank Observatory at the University of Manchester. Lovell began tracking the probe about five hours before it impacted the Moon and also recorded the transmission from the probe which ends abruptly. He played the recording during a phone call to reporters in New York to finally convince most of media observers of the mission’s authenticity.
Price: 2.00 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union with the year 1917-1967, meaning 50 years of October Revolution.
Price: 3.50 euro
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”First Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin”. Yuri Gagarin became the first human in outer space when his Vostok spacecraft completed one orbit of the Earth on 12 April 1961 in the Vostok 1 mission. Gagarin became an international celebrity and was awarded many medals and titles, including Hero of the Soviet Union, his nation’s highest honour. Gagarin died in 1968 when the training jet he was piloting crashed.
Price: 2.50 euro
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union with the image of Lenin, the Kremlin and a rocket.
Price: 3.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union with the image of Venera 11. The Venera 11 was a Soviet uncrewed space mission which was part of the Venera program to explore the planet Venus. Venera 11 was launched on 9 September 1978. The lander entered the Venus atmosphere two days later on December 25th. During the descent, it employed aerodynamic braking followed by parachute braking and ending with atmospheric braking. It made a soft landing on the surface at 06:24 Moscow Time (03:24 UT) on 25 December after a descent time of approximately 1 hour. Information was transmitted to the flight platform for retransmittal to earth until it moved out of range 95 minutes after touchdown.
Price: 3.00 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union with the image of the Vostok 1 rocket. At the bottom of the pin is the date of the first mannend space flight. Yuri Gagarin became the first human in outer space when his Vostok spacecraft completed one orbit of the Earth on 12 April 1961 in the Vostok 1 mission. Gagarin became an international celebrity and was awarded many medals and titles, including Hero of the Soviet Union, his nation’s highest honour. Gagarin died in 1968 when the training jet he was piloting crashed.
Price: 3.00 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin made in the Soviet Union about Elektron I. Elektron, in American sources sometimes called Electron, was the first Soviet multiple satellite program, comprising two identical pairs of particle physics satellites launched by the Soviet Union in 1964. The four spacecraft simultaneously monitored the lower and upper Van Allen radiation belts and returned a considerable volume of data regarding radiation in space and atmospheric conditions to an altitude of more than 58,000 kilometres (36,000 mi) above the Earth. Two of the four launched satellites are still in orbit as of 2022, the other two having reentered.
Price: 3.00 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union about Kocmoc 23 (Kosmos 23). Kosmos 23, also known as Omega No.2, was a satellite which was launched by the Soviet Union in 1963.
Kosmos 23 was a test platform orbited by the Soviet Union for the purpose of evaluating electrotechnical systems later used to ensure the orientation and stabilization of weather satellites. Like its predecessor, Kosmos 14, the satellite was in the form of a cylinder, with two hemispherical ends, and was 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) long and 1.2 metres (3 ft 11 in) in diameter. Tests were made of power supplies that used solar cell batteries, and equipment on board monitored the operation of automatic devices that controlled the solar and chemical batteries.
Price: 2.50 euro
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union about the Vokshod spacecraft. The first three man space flight in October 12, 1964 with Konstantin Feoktistov, Vladimir Komarov and Boris Yegorov. Voskhod 1 was the seventh crewed Soviet space flight. In October 1964 it achieved a number of “firsts” in the history of crewed spaceflight, being the first space flight to carry more than one crewman into orbit, the first flight without the use of spacesuits, and the first to carry either an engineer or a physician into outer space. It also set a crewed spacecraft altitude record of 336 km (209 mi).
Price: 2.50 euro
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union about Vostok 3 & 4. Vostok 3 and Vostok 4 were launched a day apart in 1962 on trajectories that brought the spacecraft within approximately 6.5 km (4.0 mi) of one another. The cosmonauts aboard the two capsules also communicated with each other via radio, the first ship-to-ship communications in space. These missions marked the first time that more than one crewed spacecraft was in orbit at the same time, giving Soviet mission controllers the opportunity to learn to manage this scenario.
During the first day in orbit of Vostok 3, the cosmonaut unstrapped himself from his seat and became the first spacefarer to float freely in conditions of microgravity in space.
The mission led Western observers to speculate that the Soviets must already have spacecraft capable of in-orbit maneuvering. Official press releases made no mention that the Vostok spacecraft lacked this ability or that the two Vostoks were able to attain such close approach due to their extremely precise launches.
Price: 1.50 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin from Czechoslovakia. The text on the pin reads:”Czechoslovak Socialist Academy”. The Czechoslovak Socialist Academy was founded after the Soviet model in 1936. In 1952 it was renamed the Czechoslovak Society for the spread of political and scientific knowledge. In 1965 the name changed again with Socialist Academy.
Price: 2.50 euro
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Pin from Czechoslovakia with 2 (yet) unknown figures.
Price: 3.00 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union with the image of the Vostok 1 rocket. At the bottom of the pin is the date of the first mannend space flight. Yuri Gagarin became the first human in outer space when his Vostok spacecraft completed one orbit of the Earth on 12 April 1961 in the Vostok 1 mission. Gagarin became an international celebrity and was awarded many medals and titles, including Hero of the Soviet Union, his nation’s highest honour. Gagarin died in 1968 when the training jet he was piloting crashed.
Price: 2.50 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin made in the Soviet Union with the image of Yuri Gagarin and with a rocket flying off to space. At the bottom of the pin is the date of the first mannend space flight. Yuri Gagarin became the first human in outer space when his Vostok spacecraft completed one orbit of the Earth on 12 April 1961 in the Vostok 1 mission. Gagarin became an international celebrity and was awarded many medals and titles, including Hero of the Soviet Union, his nation’s highest honour. Gagarin died in 1968 when the training jet he was piloting crashed.
Price: 2.50 euro
Year: 1975
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
The pin is from 1975. This pin is about the Apollo-Soyuz test project between the Soviet Union and the USA in 1975. It was the first space program with the two nations working together. It was the marking the end of the space race between the 2 super powers wich had begun in 1957 with the Sputnik launch.
The Apollo and Soyuz spacecraft docked together in space.
Also it was the last USA manned space mission until the first space shuttle flight in 1981.
Price: 2.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union with the image of Sergei Korolev. Sergei Korolev (1907-1966) is responsible for the first human in space, but also the sputnik is his creation. Korolev was a Ukrainian-Soviet-Russian physicist and engineer specializing in rocket technology and father of the Soviet space program. Sergei Korolev is the man responsible for the first animal and human space flight.
Price: 2.50 euro
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union.
Price: 2.50 euro
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Space pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Kaluga monument to K.E Tsiolkovsky”. Kaluga is a town and Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) was a Russian and Soviet rocket scientist and pioneer of the astronautic theory. Along with the French Robert Esnault-Pelterie, the Transylvanian German Hermann Oberth and the American Robert H. Goddard, he is considered to be one of the founding fathers of modern rocketry and astronautics. His works later inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers such as Sergei Korolev and Valentin Glushko and contributed to the success of the Soviet space program.
Tsiolkovsky spent most of his life in a log house on the outskirts of Kaluga, about 200 km (120 mi) southwest of Moscow. A recluse by nature, his unusual habits made him seem bizarre to his fellow townsfolk.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”City of Gorky”. Now known as Nizhny Novgorod. Nizhny Novgorod colloquially shortened to Nizhny, formerly known as Gorky (1932–1990), is the administrative centre of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and the Volga Federal District. With a population of over 1.2 million residents, up to roughly 1.7 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Nizhny Novgorod is the sixth-largest city in Russia, the second-most populous city on the Volga, as well as the Volga Federal District. It is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and is the main center of river tourism in Russia. In the historic part of the city there are many universities, theaters, museums and churches.
Price: 3.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union. Beautiful made pin. The head of Korolev is added as an extra layer on the pin. Sergei Korolev (1907-1966) is responsible for the first human in space, but also the sputnik is his creation. Korolev was a Ukrainian-Soviet-Russian physicist and engineer specializing in rocket technology and father of the Soviet space program. Sergei Korolev is the man responsible for the first animal and human space flight.
Price: 3.50 euro
Year: 1981
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin about the Interkosmos space flight Soyuz 40 Soviet Union and Romania.
Interkosmos was a Soviet space program, designed to help the Soviet Union’s allies with manned and unmanned space missions.
The program included the allied east European nations of the Warsaw Pact and other socialist nations like Afghanistan, Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam. In addition, pro Soviet nations such as India and Syria participated, and even France and Austria, despite them being capitalist nations.
The Soyuz 40 mission was a 1981 Soviet manned spaceflight and the final flight of the Soyuz 7K-T spacecraft. It was a collaboration between the Soviet Union and Romania
by carrying Romanian cosmonaut Dumitru Prunariu and Soviet cosmonaut Leonid Popov to the station. In all, nine Intercosmos missions were launched between 1978 and 1981.
Price: 3.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”12 April Cosmonautics Day”. Cosmonautics Day is an anniversary celebrated in Russia and some other former USSR countries on 12 April. In 2011, 12 April was declared as the International Day of Human Space Flight in dedication of the first manned space flight made on 12 April 1961 by the 27-year-old Russian Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. The commemorative day was established in the Soviet Union one year later, on 9 April 1962.
Nowadays the commemoration ceremony on Cosmonautics Day starts in the city of Korolyov, near Gagarin’s statue. Participants then proceed under police escort to Red Square for a visit to Gagarin’s grave in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis, and continue to Cosmonauts Alley, near the Monument to the Conquerors of Space.
On 7 April 2011, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution declaring 12 April as the International Day of Human Space Flight. On 12 April 2017, the United Nations commemorated the “International Day of Human Space Flight” to celebrate the 56th anniversary of the first human space flight, which started the beginning of the space era for mankind.
Price: 3.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union about the famous Soyuz-Apollo mission in 1975. Apollo-Soyuz was the first crewed international space mission, carried out jointly by the United States and the Soviet Union in July 1975. Millions of people around the world watched on television as a United States Apollo module docked with a Soviet Union Soyuz capsule.
The project, and its memorable handshake in space, was a symbol of détente between the two superpowers. It is generally considered to mark the end of the Space Race, which had begun in 1957 with the launch of Sputnik 1.
Price: 3.50 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin made in the Soviet Union about the famous Soyuz-Apollo mission in 1975. Apollo-Soyuz was the first crewed international space mission, carried out jointly by the United States and the Soviet Union in July 1975. Millions of people around the world watched on television as a United States Apollo module docked with a Soviet Union Soyuz capsule.
The project, and its memorable handshake in space, was a symbol of détente between the two superpowers. It is generally considered to mark the end of the Space Race, which had begun in 1957 with the launch of Sputnik 1.
Price: 3.00 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin made in the Soviet Union about Kocmoc 5 (Kosmos 5). Kosmos 5, occasionally known in the West as Sputnik 15 was a scientific research and technology demonstration satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1962. It was the fifth satellite to be designated under the Kosmos system, and the third spacecraft to be launched as part of the MS programme, after Kosmos 2 and Kosmos 3. Its primary missions were to develop systems for future satellites, and to record data about artificial radiation around the Earth.
Price: 3.50 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin made in the Soviet Union about the famous Soyuz-Apollo mission in 1975. Apollo-Soyuz was the first crewed international space mission, carried out jointly by the United States and the Soviet Union in July 1975. Millions of people around the world watched on television as a United States Apollo module docked with a Soviet Union Soyuz capsule.
The project, and its memorable handshake in space, was a symbol of détente between the two superpowers. It is generally considered to mark the end of the Space Race, which had begun in 1957 with the launch of Sputnik 1.
Price: 3.00 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin made in the Soviet Union. The image on the pin is Luna 10. Luna 10 was a 1966 Soviet lunar robotic spacecraft mission in the Luna program. It was the first artificial satellite of the Moon.
Luna 10 conducted extensive research in lunar orbit, gathering important data on the strength of the Moon’s magnetic field, its radiation belts, and the nature of lunar rocks (which were found to be comparable to terrestrial basalt rocks), cosmic radiation, and micrometeoroid density. Perhaps its most important finding was the first evidence of mass concentrations, areas of high density below the mare basins that distort lunar orbital trajectories. Their discovery has usually been credited to the American Lunar Orbiter series.
The spacecraft carried a set of solid-state oscillators that had been programmed to reproduce the notes of “The Internationale”, so that it could be broadcast live to the 23rd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. During a rehearsal on the night of 3 April, the playback went well, but the following morning, controllers discovered a missing note and played the previous night’s tape to the assembled gathering at the Congress, claiming it was a live broadcast from the Moon.
Price: 5.00 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin made in North Korea saying: Friendship. On the top is the North Korean flag.
Price: 3.00 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin made in the Soviet Union. The image on the pin is Sergei Korolev. Sergei Korolev (1907-1966) is responsible for the first human in space, but also the sputnik is his creation. Korolev was a Ukrainian-Soviet-Russian physicist and engineer specializing in rocket technology and father of the Soviet space program. Sergei Korolev is the man responsible for the first animal and human space flight.
Price: 3.00 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Space pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”International Spaceflights. Interkosmos”. Interkosmos was a Soviet space program, designed to help the Soviet Union’s allies with manned and unmanned space missions.
The program included the allied east European nations of the Warsaw Pact and other socialist nations like Afghanistan, Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam. In addition, pro Soviet nations such as India and Syria participated, and even France and Austria, despite them being capitalist nations.
Price: 3.50 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
The text on the pin reads:”Joint Space Flight”. Soyuz T-6 was a human spaceflight to Earth orbit to the Salyut 7 space station in 1982. Along with two Soviet cosmonauts, the crew included a Frenchman, Jean-Loup Chrétien. The Soyuz-T spacecraft arrived at Salyut 7 following launch on 24 June 1982 and one day of solo operations. During the T-6 mission’s the crew performed joint Soviet-French experiments, including cardiovascular echography, alongside the station’s resident crew. The mission transported the first French astronaut, Jean-Loup Chrétien, into space. While aboard the station, the resident crew afforded him the opportunity to eject Salyut 7’s weekly bag of waste into space through the station’s small trash airlock.
Interkosmos was a Soviet space program, designed to help the Soviet Union’s allies with manned and unmanned space missions.
The program included the allied east European nations of the Warsaw Pact and other socialist nations like Afghanistan, Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam. In addition, pro Soviet nations such as India and Syria participated, and even France and Austria, despite them being capitalist nations.
Price: 3.00 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
The text on the pin reads:”Coorperation In Space”. Soyuz T-6 was a human spaceflight to Earth orbit to the Salyut 7 space station in 1982. Along with two Soviet cosmonauts, the crew included a Frenchman, Jean-Loup Chrétien. The Soyuz-T spacecraft arrived at Salyut 7 following launch on 24 June 1982 and one day of solo operations. During the T-6 mission’s the crew performed joint Soviet-French experiments, including cardiovascular echography, alongside the station’s resident crew. The mission transported the first French astronaut, Jean-Loup Chrétien, into space. While aboard the station, the resident crew afforded him the opportunity to eject Salyut 7’s weekly bag of waste into space through the station’s small trash airlock.
Interkosmos was a Soviet space program, designed to help the Soviet Union’s allies with manned and unmanned space missions.
The program included the allied east European nations of the Warsaw Pact and other socialist nations like Afghanistan, Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam. In addition, pro Soviet nations such as India and Syria participated, and even France and Austria, despite them being capitalist nations.
Price: 3.00 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Soyuz 28 was a 1978 Soviet manned mission to the orbiting Salyut 6 space station.
Cosmonaut Vladimír Remek from Czechoslovakia became the first person launched into space who was not a citizen of the United States or the Soviet Union. The other crew member was Aleksei Gubarev. The flight was the first mission in the Intercosmos program that gave Eastern Bloc and other communist states access to space through manned and unmanned launches. Interkosmos was a Soviet space program, designed to help the Soviet Union’s allies with manned and unmanned space missions.
The program included the allied east European nations of the Warsaw Pact and other socialist nations like Afghanistan, Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam. In addition, pro Soviet nations such as India and Syria participated, and even France and Austria, despite them being capitalist nations.
Price: 3.00 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Soyuz 28 was a 1978 Soviet manned mission to the orbiting Salyut 6 space station.
Cosmonaut Vladimír Remek from Czechoslovakia became the first person launched into space who was not a citizen of the United States or the Soviet Union. The other crew member was Aleksei Gubarev. The flight was the first mission in the Intercosmos program that gave Eastern Bloc and other communist states access to space through manned and unmanned launches. Interkosmos was a Soviet space program, designed to help the Soviet Union’s allies with manned and unmanned space missions.
The program included the allied east European nations of the Warsaw Pact and other socialist nations like Afghanistan, Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam. In addition, pro Soviet nations such as India and Syria participated, and even France and Austria, despite them being capitalist nations.
Price: 3.00 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin is about the Soyuz 33 Interkosmos space mission with Bulgaria.
Soyuz 33 was a 1979 Soviet manned space flight to the Salyut 6 space station. It was the ninth mission to the orbiting facility, but an engine failure forced the mission to be aborted, and the crew had to return to earth before docking with the station. It was the first ever failure of a Soyuz engine during orbital operations.
The two-man crew, commander Nikolai Rukavishnikov and Bulgarian cosmonaut Georgi Ivanov, suffered a steep ballistic re entry, but were safely recovered. Rukavishnikov was the first civilian to command a Soviet spacecraft, and Ivanov the first Bulgarian in space.
Interkosmos was a Soviet space program, designed to help the Soviet Union’s allies with manned and unmanned space missions. The program included the allied east European nations of the Warsaw Pact and other socialist nations like Afghanistan, Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam. In addition, pro Soviet nations such as India and Syria participated, and even France and Austria, despite them being capitalist nations.
Price: 3.00 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Soyuz 36 was a 1980 Soviet manned space flight to the Salyut 6 space station. It was the 11th mission to and ninth successful docking at the orbiting facility. The Soyuz 36 crew were the first to visit the long duration Soyuz 35 resident crew.
Soyuz 36 carried Valery Kubasov and Bertalan Farkas, the first Hungarian cosmonaut, into space. They swapped Soyuz craft with the long duration crew and returned to earth in Soyuz 35; a later crew used their craft to return to Earth.
The flight was the fifth Intercosmos flight whereby guest cosmonauts from Soviet allied nations would visit the space station, typically for about a week. The flight was only the second time a Soviet mission had a civilian commander. Interkosmos was a Soviet space program, designed to help the Soviet Union’s allies with manned and unmanned space missions.
The program included the allied east European nations of the Warsaw Pact and other socialist nations like Afghanistan, Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam. In addition, pro Soviet nations such as India and Syria participated, and even France and Austria, despite them being capitalist nations.
Price: 3.00 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin is about Soyuz flight 39 launched in 1981.
Soyuz 39 was a 1981 Soviet manned space flight to the Salyut 6 space station. It was the fifteenth expedition, and carried the eighth international crew to the orbiting facility. The flight carried Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Russian, and Jugderdemidiin Gurragchaa, Mongolian, into space. With this mission, Gurragchaa became the first Mongolian, and second Asian cosmonaut. Pham Tuan from Vietnam was the first Asian with Soyuz 37. Dzhanibekov and Gurragchaa performed about thirty experiments during the course of the mission.
Interkosmos was a Soviet space program, designed to help the Soviet Union’s allies with manned and unmanned space missions.
The program included the allied east European nations of the Warsaw Pact and other socialist nations like Afghanistan, Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam. In addition, pro Soviet nations such as India and Syria participated, and even France and Austria, despite them being capitalist nations.
Price: 3.00 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
This pin is about the Interkosmos space program. This pin is probably issued in 1980 when Cuban Arnaldo Tamayo Mendez travelled into orbit in the Interkosmos space program. As a member of the crew of Soyuz 38 he was the first Cuban citizen and the first person of African heritage in space. Together with Yuri Romanenko from the Soviet Union.
He has been honored by the Cuban Government for being the first Cuban, the first Caribbean, and the first Latin American to go into orbit. He was awarded the titles of Hero of the Republic of Cuba and the Order of Playa Giron. He also is a recipient of the Hero of the Soviet Union award.
Interkosmos was a Soviet space program, designed to help the Soviet Union’s allies with manned and unmanned space missions.
The program included the allied east European nations of the Warsaw Pact and other socialist nations like Afghanistan, Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam. In addition, pro Soviet nations such as India and Syria participated, and even France and Austria, despite them being capitalist nations.
Price: 3.00 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin made in the Soviet Union. Small. The text on the pin reads:”Cosmos”.
Price: 3.50 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin made in the Soviet Union about the famous Soyuz-Apollo mission in 1975. Apollo-Soyuz was the first crewed international space mission, carried out jointly by the United States and the Soviet Union in July 1975. Millions of people around the world watched on television as a United States Apollo module docked with a Soviet Union Soyuz capsule.
The project, and its memorable handshake in space, was a symbol of détente between the two superpowers. It is generally considered to mark the end of the Space Race, which had begun in 1957 with the launch of Sputnik 1.
Price: 3.00 euro
For sale at: http://www.propagandaworld.org
Space pin made in the Soviet Union. This pin is about the Interkosmos space program.
Soyuz 28 was a 1978 Soviet manned mission to the orbiting Salyut 6 space station. Cosmonaut Vladimír Remek from Czechoslovakia became the first person launched into space who was not a citizen of the United States or the Soviet Union. The other crew member was Aleksei Gubarev. The flight was the first mission in the Intercosmos program that gave Eastern Bloc and other communist states access to space through manned and unmanned launches.
Price: 2.50 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin made in the Soviet Union. On the pin is the Soviet and Hungarian flag. Probably this pin is about Interkosmos. Interkosmos was a Soviet space program, designed to help the Soviet Union’s allies with manned and unmanned space missions.
It could be the Soyuz 36 space flight. Soyuz 36 was a 1980 Soviet manned space flight to the Salyut 6 space station. It was the 11th mission to and ninth successful docking at the orbiting facility. The Soyuz 36 crew were the first to visit the long duration Soyuz 35 resident crew.
Soyuz 36 carried Valery Kubasov and Bertalan Farkas, the first Hungarian cosmonaut, into space. They swapped Soyuz craft with the long duration crew and returned to earth in Soyuz 35; a later crew used their craft to return to Earth.
The flight was the fifth Intercosmos flight whereby guest cosmonauts from Soviet allied nations would visit the space station, typically for about a week. The flight was only the second time a Soviet mission had a civilian commander.
Price: 3.00 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Space pin made in the Soviet Union about Soyuz 9. Soyuz 9 was a 1970 Soviet crewed space flight. The two man crew of Andrian Nikolayev and Vitali Sevastyanov broke the five year old space endurance record held by Gemini 7, with their nearly 18 day flight. The mission paved the way for the Salyut space station missions, investigating the effects of long term weightlessness on crew, and evaluating the work that the cosmonauts could do in orbit, individually and as a team. To date, Soyuz 9 marks the longest crewed flight by a solo spacecraft.
Price: 3.00 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Space pin made in the Soviet Union about Soyuz 3. The text on the pin reads:”Soyuz 3″ and “G.T. Beregovoy”. Soyuz 3 was a spaceflight mission launched by the Soviet Union on 26 October 1968. Flown by Georgy Beregovoy, the Soyuz spacecraft completed 81 orbits over four days.
The 47-year-old Beregovoy was a decorated World War II flying ace and the oldest person to go into space up to that time. The mission achieved the first Russian space rendezvous with the uncrewed Soyuz 2, but failed to achieve a planned docking of the two craft.
Price: 3.00 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Space pin made in the Soviet Union about Vostok 3 & 4. Vostok 3 and Vostok 4 were launched a day apart in 1962 on trajectories that brought the spacecraft within approximately 6.5 km (4.0 mi) of one another. The cosmonauts aboard the two capsules also communicated with each other via radio, the first ship-to-ship communications in space. These missions marked the first time that more than one crewed spacecraft was in orbit at the same time, giving Soviet mission controllers the opportunity to learn to manage this scenario.
During the first day in orbit of Vostok 3, the cosmonaut unstrapped himself from his seat and became the first spacefarer to float freely in conditions of microgravity in space.
The mission led Western observers to speculate that the Soviets must already have spacecraft capable of in-orbit maneuvering. Official press releases made no mention that the Vostok spacecraft lacked this ability or that the two Vostoks were able to attain such close approach due to their extremely precise launches.
Price: 1.50 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Pamir”. The Pamir Mountains are a mountain range between Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan and China. They are among the world’s highest mountains.
Price: 1.50 euro
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Pin made in the Soviet Union with the Ostankino tower in Moscow. Ostankino Tower is a television and radio tower in Moscow owned by the Russian TV and Radio Broadcasting Network build ij 1967. Standing 540.1 metres (1,772 ft), Ostankino was designed by Nikolai Nikitin. It is currently the tallest free standing structure in Europe and 11th tallest in the world. Between 1967 and 1974, it was the tallest in the world. The tower was the first free standing structure to exceed 500 m (1,600 ft) in height. Ostankino was built to mark the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution. It is named after the surrounding Ostankino district of Moscow.
Price: 3.50 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Space pin made in the Soviet Union about Vostok 3 & 4. Vostok 3 and Vostok 4 were launched a day apart in 1962 on trajectories that brought the spacecraft within approximately 6.5 km (4.0 mi) of one another. The cosmonauts aboard the two capsules also communicated with each other via radio, the first ship-to-ship communications in space. These missions marked the first time that more than one crewed spacecraft was in orbit at the same time, giving Soviet mission controllers the opportunity to learn to manage this scenario.
During the first day in orbit of Vostok 3, the cosmonaut unstrapped himself from his seat and became the first spacefarer to float freely in conditions of microgravity in space.
The mission led Western observers to speculate that the Soviets must already have spacecraft capable of in-orbit maneuvering. Official press releases made no mention that the Vostok spacecraft lacked this ability or that the two Vostoks were able to attain such close approach due to their extremely precise launches.
Price: 3.00 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin made in the Soviet Union with the image of Yuri Gagarin and his Vostok 1 rocket. Yuri Gagarin became the first human in outer space when his Vostok spacecraft completed one orbit of the Earth on 12 April 1961 in the Vostok 1 mission. Gagarin became an international celebrity and was awarded many medals and titles, including Hero of the Soviet Union, his nation’s highest honour. Gagarin died in 1968 when the training jet he was piloting crashed.
Price: 3.00 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin made in the Soviet Union about Luna 3.
Luna 3 was a Soviet spacecraft launched on the 4th of October 1959 as part of the Luna programm. It was the first ever mission to photograph the far side of the Moon and the third Soviet space probe to be sent to the Moon. It returned rather poor pictures. The historic, never before seen views of the far side of the Moon caused excitement and interest when they were published around the world, and a tentative Atlas of the Far Side of the Moon was created after image processing improved the pictures.
Price: 3.00 euro
Space pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Flight”. Pin with hammer and the sickle is a yet stream of a rocket flying into space.
Price: 3.00 euro
Space pin made in the Soviet Union with a rocket and CCCP.
Price: 1.50 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin made Estland with the city of Tallinn. Tallinn is the most populous, primate, and capital city of Estonia. Situated on a bay in north Estonia, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, Tallinn has a population of 438,341 (as of 2021) and administratively lies in the Harju maakond (county). Tallinn is the main financial, industrial, and cultural centre of Estonia.
Price: 1.50 euro
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Gorki”. The estate of Gorki belonged to various Muscovite noblemen from the 18th century. Zinaida Morozova, the widow of Savva Morozov, purchased it in 1909, the year before she married General Anatoly Reinbot (later Anatoly Rezvoy), the chief of Moscow police. She engaged the most fashionable Russian architect, Fyodor Schechtel, to remodel the mansion in the then-current Neoclassical style, complete with a six-column Ionic portico.
On May 15, 1923, Lenin followed medical advice and left the Moscow Kremlin for Gorki. He lived there in semi-retirement until his death on January 21, 1924.
After Lenin’s death, Gorki was renamed “Gorki Leninskiye”. The house became a museum holding many of Lenin’s possessions. Also located on the estate are a large museum built in 1987 concerning Lenin’s life there, containing such artifacts as his Last Testament (as transcribed by Nadezhda Krupskaya), other documents, photos, books, Lenin’s personal car (a Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost), his wheelchairs, and his apartment and office from the Kremlin, reconstructed in a separate building. A monument representing “The Death of the Leader” was unveiled in the 18th-century park in 1958.
Price: 1.50 euro
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Murmansk. Local lore museum”.
Price: 1.50 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Saratov”. Saratov is the largest city and administrative center of Saratov Oblast, Russia, and a major port on the Volga River. As of the 2010 Census, Saratov had a population of 837,900, making it the 17th-largest city in Russia by population. Saratov is 389 km from Volgograd, 442 km from Samara, and 858 km southeast of Moscow.
During World War II, Saratov was a station on the north–south Volzhskaya Rokada, a specially designated military railroad supplying troops, ammunition and supplies to Stalingrad. In 1942-1943 the city was bombed by German aircraft. The main target was the Kirov oil refinery, which was heavily bombarded, seriously damaging the installation and destroying 80% of its plant and temporarily interrupting its work. The Luftwaffe was able to destroy all the fuel stock at bases in Saratov and eliminate the oil plant in the city.
Until the end of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Soviet authorities designated Saratov a “closed city”; off-limits to all foreigners due to its military importance as the site of a vital facility manufacturing military aircraft.
Price: 2.00 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin made in the Soviet Union (?). The text on the pin reads:”Eternal friendship” with the head of Lenin and presumably Georgi Dimitrov who was leader of Bulgaria. If this is correct, the pin also could be made in Bulgaria.
Price: 1.50 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin made in the DDR with the images of Karl Marx and Lenin.
Price: 1.50 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin made in the DDR with the images of Karl Marx, Engels and Lenin.
Price: 2.00 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin made in the DDR with the image of Karl Marx. The pictures can’t quite capture it but it is a beautiful made pin. The image of Karl Amrx in negative and with a thick layer of plastic on it.
Price: 1.50 euro
For sale at http://www.propagandaworld.org
Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Ryazan”. Ryazan is the largest city and administrative center of Ryazan Oblast, Russia. The city is located on the banks of the Oka River in Central Russia, 196 kilometers (122 mi) southeast of Moscow. Ryazan is among the oldest cities of Russia. As of the 2010 Census, Ryazan had a population of 524,927 making it the 33rd most populated city in Russia, and the 4th most populated in Central Russia after Moscow, Voronezh, and Yaroslavl.
During World War II, Ryazan was repeatedly bombed by German Luftwaffe. Immediately after the war, rapid development of the city began, and it became a major industrial, scientific, and military center of the European part of Russia. On October 19, 1960 a petroleum refinery produced its first gasoline.
Price: 1.50 euro
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Button made in the Netherlands in the 1980’s. The text on the button reads:”The Eekhorst must stay”.
Price: 2.00 euro
Year: 1983
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Button made in the Netherlands in the 1983. The “Bijenkorf” (menaing bees hive) was a big department store in several big city’s in the Netherlands. Due to the economic crisis and reforms a number of departments face closure. The text on the button reads:”The Bijenkorf must stay” and below that:”Initiative from personel”.
This button was made by artist Robert Wout also known as Opland who also designed numerous anti nuclear missle buttons.
Price: 2.50 euro
Year: 1980
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Button made in the Netherlands in the 1980. The text on teh button reads:”Woman’s Festival 1980″.
Price: 2.00 euro
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Button made in the Netherlands in the 1980’s with the feminism symbol. The symbol with out the fist was originally a symbol from the Roman goddess Venus, goddess of love, erotic desire and beauty. The symbol with the fist was used by feminist groups in early 1970’s and became a symbol of the woman’s struggle for equality.
Price: 2.00 euro
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Button made in the Netherlands in the 1980’s with the feminism symbol. The symbol with out the fist was originally a symbol from the Roman goddess Venus, goddess of love, erotic desire and beauty. The symbol with the fist was used by feminist groups in early 1970’s and became a symbol of the woman’s struggle for equality.
Price: 2.00 euro
Pin made in the United Kingdom and made by greenpeace.
Price: 1.50 euro
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Button made in the Netherlands in the 1980’s. The text on the button reads:”Humanist Alliance”. The Humanist Association (HV) is a Dutch association on a humanistic basis. The starting point of the Humanist Association is that everyone is responsible for his or her own actions, but also has joint responsibility for the environment and for others. The focus is on the freedom of choice of individuals and their own responsibility. It was founded in 1946.
Price: 2.50 euro
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Button made in the Netherlands in the 1980’s.
Price: 2.00 euro
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Button made in the Netherlands in the 1980’s. Gay proud and angry.
Price: 2.00 euro
Year: 1982
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Button made in the Netherlands, 1982. The text on the button reads:”4th woman’s festival of the North”. The festival was held in Groningen wich was in the north of the Netherlands.
Price: 1.50 euro
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Button made in the Netherlands in the 1980’s. The text on the button reads:”Woman’s resistance angainst nuclear missle’s”.
Price: 1.50 euro
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Button made in the Netherlands by probably a feminist organization.
Price: 1.50 euro
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Button made in the Netherlands by a gay or lesbian organization.
Price: 2.00 euro
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Feminist, antu nuclear energy button made in the Netherlands in the 1980’s.
Price: 2.00 euro
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Feminist button made in the Netherlands in the 1980’s.
Price: 1.50 euro
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Gay activist button made in the Netherlands, in the 1980’s. The text on the button reads:Make Love With Woman”. There is also another variation with a black symbol and red characters.
Price: 1.50 euro
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Button made in the Netherlands, in the 1980’s. The text on the button reads:”I prefer to eat from both sides” meaning: I am bi-sexual. This button was made by a gay rights group. Below is a story from somebody who was active in that era talking about these buttons:
“Buttons were almost like fine jewelry and at the same time a sign of combativeness. I lived in a lesbian community, from where we organized parties and campaigns. Wherever it was, the button machine went with it! A button like “Black Lesbian” gives strength and inspiration. To me being black and lesbian means a lot, because it coincides with myself, it is a whole.
In the 1980s and 1990s, intensive exchanges with black lesbian women abroad grew. London, for example, where they were very active in local politics. We learned a lot there and at the international conferences there were also buttons making workshops. Showing yourself was cool and it gave recognition. We also exchanged buttons among ourselves. I paid extra attention to it during demonstrations and campaigns. They were on a jacket. The anti-apartheid button, the button against racism and the black lesbian button. I also had one against nuclear energy and Act Up is watching you! At Pink Saturday of course and at parties. But I also made a statement with the pink triangle at funerals of friends, whose environment did not recognize being gay. Bit provocative, but invisibility is worse.”.
Price: 2.50 euro
Year: 1984
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Button made in the Netherlands, 1984. The text on the button reads:”Resistancecamp Volkel”. Resistancecamp Volkel was a camp near the village of Volkel in the Netherlands were a militairy airbase was located. This was done only by woman. They protested against further militarization and in particular against cruise missiles. The camp was regularly evacuated by the police. In 1984 at least 100 women were active in campaigns at the camp. In 1985 there were plans for a new camp.
Price: 1.50 euro
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Button made in the Netherlands. The text on the button reads:”Who Is On The Ground Can Not Fall”. Button could be from some anarchist organisation.
Price: 2.00 euro
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Button made in the Netherlands. The text on the button reads:”Our Bibliotheek? Keep it!” and was directed at the major cuts done by the government in the 1980’s.
Price: 2.00 euro
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Button made in the Netherlands, probably in the 1980’s. This button was made by a (yet) unknown organization for gay rights or gay acceptance.
Price: 2.00 euro
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Button made in the Netherlands, probably in the 1980’s. The text on the button reads:”A Dyke Is A Crown Jewel”. Pronkjewail is from a dialect wich is spoken in the Noth of the Netherlands in Groningen. There is also a button with the text::”A Faggot Is A Crown Jewel” as well as some other variations. The button was made by action groep Roze Front (Pink Front) for gay rights. Pink Front was a collaboration (between 1979-1995) of different gay right groups. They organized the yearly pride celebration called Roze Zaterdag (Pink Saturday).
Price: 2.00 euro
Year: 1983
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Button made in the Netherlands, 1983. The text on the button reads:”No New Nuclear Weapons In Europe”, and on the bottom:”The Hague, 29 October”, announcing a demonstration on that date. The demonstration in October 29, 1983 was in The Hague against the station of Cruise missiles in the Netherlands. It was the largest demonstration ever in the Netherlands with 550,000 participants. The demonstration was organized by Komitee Kruisraketten Nee (Comitee Cruisemissiles No) and was a follow-up to the demonstration of 21 November 1981 in Amsterdam with 440,000 people participating. For the demonstration, 3000 buses were deployed in addition to extra trains in which demonstrators gathered both at the Malieveld.
This button was made by artist Robert Wout also known as Opland.
Price: 2.00 euro
For sale at http://www.proagandaworld.org
Button made in the Netherlands with:”CPN” wich stands for Communist Party Netherlands. Probably made in the 1980’s. The CPN dissolved in 1989.
The Communist Party of the Netherlands was a Dutch communist party. The party was founded in 1909 as the Social-Democratic Party (SDP). In 1918 it was changed in CPN.
On May 15, 1940, immediately after the German occupation, the party decided to organize an underground movement. In July 1940 the Nazi occupation force banned the CPN. The party continued illegally. Together with the much smaller anti-Stalinist communist party RSAP the only pre-war organisation that already in 1940 protested against the anti-Semitic measures by the German occupiers. It published a resistance newspaper called De Waarheid (“The Truth”, in Russian: Pravda). Both took part in the February Strike in 1941, the largest act of resistance in the Netherlands.
In 1989 the party merged with three other small leftwing parties to form the GreenLeft. In 1991 disstatisfied members left and formed the New Communist Party wich still exist today.
Price: 1.50 euro
Size: 2.7cm./1.06inch.
Weight: 2gr./0.07oz.
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Pin made in China with the image of Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong (1893-1976) was leader of communist China for decades. He made major transformations in China, most known are the Cultural Revolution (removal of kapitalist elements) and The Great Leap Forward (the industrialization of China).
One of Moa’s most trusted man, Lin Biao, collected quotations of Mao and published them wich would become known as The Red Book. Lin Biao was a chinese general and politician who commanded the troops in the Korean war. Later he got into a power struggle with Mao and he died in a planecrash.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Pyatigorsk”. Pyatigorsk is a city in Stavropol Krai, Russia located on the Podkumok River. Population: 142,511 (2010 Census).
The writings of the 14th-century Arabian traveler Ibn Battuta included the earliest known mention of mineral springs. Peter the Great (reigned 1682-1725) fostered the earliest scientific study of them, but the information collected on his expedition has not survived. Interest revived at the end of the 18th century with the foundation of the first Russian settlement (Konstantinogorskaya fortress), erected at Mt. Mashuk in 1780.
The value of the Caucasian mineral waters led to the construction of a resort in 1803, and studies of their medical properties began thereafter: on April 24, Alexander I signed a decree which made the mineral waters state property. Many settlements developed near the springs.
During World War II the German Wehrmacht temporarily occupied Pyatigorsk. The Einsatzkommando 12 of Einsatzgruppe D had its headquarters in Pyatigorsk in 1942. The German occupation resulted in the killing of many Jewish inhabitants of the region.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Sharya”. Sharya is a town in Kostroma Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Vetluga River 330 kilometers (210 mi) northeast of Kostroma, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 23,681 (2010 Census). It was founded in 1906 and granted town status in 1938.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Lyubim”. Lyubim is a town and the administrative center of Lyubimsky District in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia, located by the Obnora River (a tributary of the Kostroma River). Population: 5,555 (2010 Census). Known since 1546, it was granted town status in 1777.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Medyn”. Medyn is a town and the administrative center of Medynsky District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the Medynka River (Oka basin), 60 kilometers (37 mi) northwest of Kaluga, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 8,300 (2010 Census).
It was first mentioned in 1386, when it passed from the Principality of Smolensk to the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The village of Medynskoye was granted town status in 1776.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Novokuznetsk”. Novokuznetsk is a city in Kemerovo Oblast in south-western Siberia, Russia. It is the second largest city in the oblast, after Kemerovo. It had a population of 547,904 as of the 2010 Census. It was previously known as Kuznetsk until 1931, and as Stalinsk until 1961.
Founded in 1618 by men from Tomsk as a Cossack ostrog (fort) on the Tom River, it was initially called Kuznetsky ostrog. It became the seat of Kuznetsky Uyezd in 1622. Kuznetsk (Кузне́цк) was granted town status in 1689.
Joseph Stalin’s rapid industrialization of the Soviet Union transformed the sleepy town into a major coal mining and industrial center in the 1930s. It merged with Sad Gorod in 1931. In 1931–1932, the city was known as Novokuznetsk and between 1932 and 1961 as Stalinsk , after Stalin.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Stravopol”. Stavropol is a city and the administrative centre of Stavropol Krai, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 398,539. It was known as Voroshilovsk until January 12, 1943.
During the Russian Civil War the city changed hands several times and finally was captured by the Red Army from the Volunteer Army of general Anton Denikin on February 29, 1920. The city was renamed Voroshilovsk on May 5, 1935, after Kliment Voroshilov, but the original name was restored in 1943. The Great Patriotic War took a heavy toll on the city and between August 3, 1942 and January 21, 1943 Stavropol was occupied by the Germans and its airport was used as a base for the Luftwaffe (German air force) to bomb Soviet oil supplies in Grozny. The city was liberated by the Soviet Army in January, 1943. Since 1946, natural gas has been extracted near the city; later on, a pipeline to supply Moscow was built.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Ukraine. The text on the pin reads:”Iziaslav”. Iziaslav is one of the oldest cities in Volhynia. Situated on the Horyn river in western Ukraine, the city dates back to the 11th century. Population: 16,162 (2021 est.).
At the beginning of World War II, the town had an important Jewish population representing 28% of the inhabitants. As soon as the Germans occupied the town, Jews were kept imprisoned in a ghetto and were later murdered in mass executions perpetrated by Einsatzgruppen.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Dorogobuzh”. Dorogobuzh is a historic town and the administrative center of Dorogobuzhsky District in Smolensk Oblast, Russia. Population: 10,720 (2010 Census).
Dorogobuzh was occupied by the German Army during World War II first from October 5, 1941 to February 15, 1942 (when it was liberated by three partisan detachments and some Soviet troops), then again from June 7, 1942 to September 1, 1943.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Ukraine. The text on the pin reads:”Bilovodsk”. Bilovodsk is an urban-type settlement in the Starobilsk Raion of Luhansk Oblast in the east of Ukraine on the banks of the Derkul, a tributary of the Donets with the estimated population of 7,771 (2021 est.).
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Nizhneudinsk”. Nizhneudinsk is a town and the administrative center of Nizhneudinsky District of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. Population: 36,999 (2010 Census).
It was founded in 1648 and granted town status in 1783.
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Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Lipetsk”. Lipetsk is a city and the administrative center of Lipetsk Oblast, Russia, located on the banks of the Voronezh River in the Don basin, 438 kilometers (272 mi) southeast of Moscow. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 508,887.
Lipetsk was first mentioned in the 13th century chronicles. The name means “Linden city” and is cognate with Leipzig and Liepāja. In 1284, the city was destroyed by the Mongols.
The foundation of the modern city dates back to 1703, when Peter the Great ordered construction of a cast iron factory in Lipetsk near the iron ore deposits for making artillery shells. On September 27, 1779, Lipetsk was granted town status.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Moldova. The text on the pin reads:”Saransk”. Saransk is the capital city of the Republic of Mordovia, Russia, as well as its financial and economic centre. It is located in the Volga basin at the confluence of the Saranka and Insar Rivers, about 630 kilometers (390 mi) east of Moscow. Saransk was one of the host cities of the official tournament of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
In 1941 Saransk was near the front line in the Battle of Moscow, but was never reached by the Wehrmacht. Soviet planners reconstructed the old city centre in the 1960s and 1970s, adding wide streets and planning the construction of massive residential areas.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Serpukhov”. Serpukhov is a city in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Oka and the Nara Rivers, 99 kilometers (62 mi) south from Moscow. It has a population of 125 473 (2021). In modern times, Serpukhov has become a local industrial center with textile, mechanical engineering, furniture, and paper-producing industries.In WWII there were some fierce battles.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Yefremov”. Yefremov is a town and the administrative center of Yefremovsky District in Tula Oblast, Russia. Population: 42,350 (2010 Census). It was founded in 1637 as a fortress defending the southern borders of the Tsardom of Russia. It was granted town status in 1777.
Yefremov was occupied by the German Army briefly during World War II. The occupation lasted from November 23 to December 13, 1941. A Soviet Air Force facility, Yefremov air base, was constructed east of the town during the Cold War.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Yalta”. Yalta is a resort city on the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula surrounded by the Black Sea. Population: 78,171 (2021).
The city is located on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Yalita. It is said to have been founded by the Greek settlers who were looking for a safe shore on which to land. It is situated on a deep bay facing south towards the Black Sea, surrounded by the mountain range Ai-Petri.
During the 20th century Yalta was the principal holiday resort of the Soviet Union. In 1920, Vladimir Lenin issued a decree “On the Use of Crimea for the Medical Treatment of the Working People” which endorsed the region’s transformation from a fairly exclusive resort area into a recreation facility for tired proletarians. The town came to worldwide attention in 1945 when the Yalta Conference between the “Big Three” powers (Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom) was held at the Livadia Palace.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Ukraine. The text on the pin reads:”Izium”. Izium is a city situated on the Donets River in Kharkiv Oblast (province) of eastern Ukraine. Population: 45,884 (2021). During World War II, the Red Army held a large bridgehead here, allowing for a salient that was cut off by counterattacking German forces (during the Second Battle of Kharkov) and eliminated in one of the most expensive learning errors for the Red Army. Izium was occupied by the German Army from 24 June 1942 to 5 February 1943.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Ukraine. The text on the pin reads:”Chuhuiv”. Chuhuiv is a Ukrainian city in Kharkiv Oblast. The city is the administrative center of Chuhuiv Raion (district).
The City’s founding date is disputed with historical assertions ranging from 1540 to 1627. Some academics believe that the city was built upon the orders Russia’s first Tsar Ivan the Terrible who reigned from 1547 to 1584.
A military fort was built adjacent to the city in 1638 by Ukrainian Cossacks of Yakiv Ostryanyn (see Ostryanyn uprising) on the order of Muscovite Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. A military presence of some form near Chuhuiv has remained ever since
Generally, the city has been an important military point since Cossack times. There was a Soviet Red Army Artillery School (a military academy) in Chuhuiv before World War II.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Maloyaroslavets”. Maloyaroslavets is a town and the administrative center of Maloyaroslavetsky District in Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Luzha River (Oka’s basin). Population: 30,392 (2010 Census).
It was founded in the late 14th century by Vladimir the Bold and named Yaroslavets after his son Yaroslav. In 1485, the town was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow and renamed Maloyaroslavets. During the French invasion of Russia, the Battle of Maloyaroslavets took place near this town on October 12 of 1812.
A number of fierce battles were also fought near Maloyaroslavets during the Battle of Moscow in 1941–1942. The town was under German occupation from 18 October 1941 until 2 January 1942. It was liberated by troops of the Western Front of the Red Army.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Bryansk”. Bryansk is a city and the administrative center of Bryansk Oblast, Russia, situated on the River Desna, 379 kilometers (235 mi) southwest of Moscow. Population: 415,721 (2010 Census).
In 1918 the Belarusian People’s Republic claimed Bryansk, but Bolshevik forces took the town in 1919. During World War II the German Wehrmacht captured Bryansk and encircled the Soviet 3rd,13th and 50th armies. The town remained under Axis occupation from October 6, 1941 to September 17, 1943, with the city left heavily damaged by fighting.
About 60,000 Soviet partisans were active in and around Bryansk, inflicting heavy losses on the German army. In 1944, soon after its liberation, Bryansk became the administrative center of Bryansk Oblast.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Ukraine. The text on the pin reads:”Slovianoserbsk”. Slovianoserbsk is an urban-type settlement in Luhansk Oblast (region) of south-eastern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Slovianoserbsk Raion (district). Its population is 7,690 (2021).
From 1753 to 1764, Slovianoserbsk was the capital of Russian territory Slavo-Serbia as Podgornoie In 1764 Slavo-Serbia was transformed into the Donets county and in 1784 the city was renamed into Donetskoie. In 1817 both county and its county seat were changed to Slavianoserbsk. Soon after the Ukrainian independence of 1918, Ukrainian form of Slovianoserbsk was adopted as well.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Ufa”. Ufa is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Bashkortostan in Russia with a population of over 1 million residents, up to 1.4 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Ufa is the eleventh-most populous city in Russia, and the fourth-most populous city in the Volga Federal District.
During World War II, following eastward Soviet retreat in 1941, the Abwehr operated in Ufa, 1941–1943, some German infiltration, occurred in espionage, many industrial enterprises of the western parts of the Soviet Union were evacuated to Ufa. The city also became the wartime seat of the Soviet Ukrainian government.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union, Belarus. The text on the pin reads:”Kobryn”. Kobryn is a city in the Brest Region of Belarus and the center of the Kobryn District. The city is located in the southwestern corner of Belarus, where the Mukhavets River and Dnepr-Bug Canal meet. The city lies about 52 km east of the city of Brest.
During the 1939 Invasion of Poland, Kobryn was the battle scene of the Battle of Kobryń between the Polish 60th Infantry Division of Colonel Adam Epler and the German 19th Panzer Corps of General Heinz Guderian. After three days of fighting, the Poles withdrew southwards and the Germans entered the town, which they three days later handed over to the Soviets in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. From 23 June 1941 until 20 July 1944, Kobryn was occupied by Nazi Germany. During the latter period, the majority of Jewish inhabitants were first amassed in a ghetto and then murdered by the Nazis in their extermination camps.
Two Polish priests, The Reverend Władysław Grobelny and Jan Wolski from Kobryń near Brześć, arrested for helping the Jews, were executed on October 15, 1942 together with a number of Jews from the Brześć ghetto. In 1944, the town was liberated by the Red Army. Since 1991, it is a part of the independent Republic of Belarus.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Veliky Ustyug”.
Veliky Ustyug is a town in Vologda Oblast, Russia, located in the northeast of the oblast at the confluence of the Sukhona and Yug Rivers. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 31,665.
Veliky Ustyug has a great historical significance and was one of the major cities of the Russian North. It preserved some of the past urban structure and many of the architectural monuments. It has lost its former leading role and is nowadays mostly known for tourism.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Soviet Union. The text on the pin reads:”Dzhankoi”.
Dzhankoi is a town of regional significance in the north of the Crimea. It also serves as administrative centre of Dzhankoi Raion although it is not a part of the raion (district). Population: 38,622 (2014 Census). In the city there are many types of industrial factories, some of which are: automobile, reinforced concrete, fabric, meat, and others. Dzhankoi also contains professional technical schools.
Price: 1.50 euro
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Pin made in the Ukraine. The text on the pin reads:”Kirovograd” now known as Kropyvnytskyi. Kropyvnytskyi is a city in central Ukraine on the Inhul river. It is an administrative center of the Kirovohrad Oblast. Population: 222,695 (2021).
During the Russian Civil War, the city witnessed intense fighting. On 7 May 1919, paramilitary leader, and former divisional general in the Red Army, Nikifor Grigoriev, launched an anti-Bolshevik uprising. On 8 May 1919, he issued a proclamation “To the Ukrainian People”, in which he called upon the Ukrainian people to rise against the “Communist imposters”, singling out the “Jewish commissars” and the Cheka. In only a few weeks, Grigoriev’s troops perpetrated 148 pogroms, the deadliest of which resulted in the massacre of upwards of 1,000 Jewish people in Yelisavetgrad, from 15 to 17 May 1919. In total, about 3,000 Jews died in the city.
The Soviet Red Army eventually reconquered the city in 1920. In World War II Kropyvnytskyi was occupied by Nazi Germany from 5 August 1941. It was subsequently recaptured by Soviet forces on 8 January 1944.
